NAVIGATION RULES

NAVIGATION RULES

PART A - GENERAL
Rule 1 - Application
Rule 2 - Responsibility
Rule 3 - General Definitions
PART B - STEERING AND SAILING RULES

Section | Subpart I - Conduct of Vessels in Any Condition of Visibility

Rule 4 - Application
Rule 5 - Look-Out
Rule 6 - Safe Speed
Rule 7 - Risk of Collision
Rule 8 - Action to Avoid Collision
Rule 9 - Narrow Channels
Rule 10 - Traffic Separation Schemes | Vessel Traffic Services

Section | Subpart II - Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another

Rule 11 - Application
Rule 12 - Sailing Vessels
Rule 13 - Overtaking
Rule 14 - Head-on Situation
Rule 15 - Crossing Situation
Rule 16 - Action by Give-way Vessel
Rule 17 - Action by Stand-on Vessel
Rule 18 - Responsibilities Between Vessels

Section | Subpart III - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility

PART C - LIGHTS AND SHAPES
Rule 20 - Application
Rule 21 - Definitions (Navigation Lights Arcs of Visibility)
Rule 22 - Visibility of Lights
Rule 23 - Power-driven Vessels Underway
Rule 24 - Towing and Pushing
Rule 25 - Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels Under Oars
Rule 26 - Fishing Vessels
Rule 27 - Vessels Not Under Command or Restricted in Their Ability to Maneuver
Rule 28 - Vessels Constrained by Their Draft
Rule 29 - Pilot Vessels
Rule 30 - Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground
Rule 31 - Seaplanes

PART D - SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS

Rule 32 - Definitions
Rule 33 - Equipment for Sound Signals
Rule 34 - Maneuvering and Warning Signals
Rule 35 - Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
Rule 36 - Signals to Attract Attention
Rule 37 - Distress Signals
PART E - EXEMPTIONS

Rule 38 - Exemptions

Action to Avoid Collision

Action to Avoid Collision
If your are going to make an alteration of course make sure its an early and bold alteration as long as you have plenty sea room

Every alteration must be big enough so the other vessel can see it on his radar

A series of small alterations should be avoided

When making an alteration of course, make sure you don't place your vessel into a close quarter situation/risk of collision with another vessel

When taking action to avoid collision you can do one of 4 things

(1) Make an early and bold alteration of course

(2)slow your vessel down

(3)stop your vessel

(4)come astern with your vessel

If you are ever in doubt your best thing to do is stop your vessel until the risk of collision is past (also gives you more thinking time as to what you can do)

After making an alteration of course, take more bearings to make sure the risk of collision/close quarter situation is past

If you're on a collision course
If you're the stand-on vessel you may alter course as long as your not in a close quarters situation, but if in a close quarters situation you shall alter course (Never get into a close quarter situation if you can help it)

Rule of thumb

From 8 to 12 miles - this is your plotting distance to find out if risk of collision/close quarters situation exists

From 4 to 8 miles - this is your/other vessels action area

below 4 miles - close quarters situation (out in the open sea, you should have no vessel within 4 miles)

What you have to do in any situation


(1) Take a series of compass, radar and visual bearing to see if a "Risk of Collision/close quarters situation exists"

(2) Figure out who the giveway/stand-on vessel is

(3) If your the stand-on vessel then use (A) below

(4) If your the giveway vessel then use (B) below

(5) If the giveway vessel is standing on then sound 5 or more short and rapid blasts on the ships whistle or flash your masthead light rapidly 5 or more times, if you get no response then use (C) below

(A) Stand-on with caution, maintaining your course and speed, keep taking bearings to make sure the giveway vessel givesway

(B) As long as there is pleanty sea-room, make an early and bold alteration towards the giveway vessel, give him plenty sea-room, if not a lot of sea-room stop your vessel and let him pass

(C) Make an bold alteration away from this vessel (he could be a pirate vessel)

Basics of Sea Collision Regulations: Lights, Shapes, and Sound Signals

Basics of Sea Collision Regulations: Lights, Shapes, and Sound Signals

This last article in the series explains lights, shapes and sound signals used on ships at sea. These indicate the length and type of ship to other ships and helps navigators to determine their responsibility- and, therefore, actions, under the Rules of the Road.

Why do we need lights and shapes?

As earlier articles have shown, there exists, under the sea rules of the road Colregs, responsibility between vessels- a sailing vessel, for example, must keep clear of a vessel constrained by her draft. But how does she know that this is so? It becomes easy once we realise that the vessel constrained by her draft and the sailing vessel must both display typical lights and shapes. It then becomes easy to determine which is the ‘give way’ vessel, and action is taking accordingly under the Rules of the Road.

The heights and arcs of visibility of each light are prescribed under the rules, and are subject to survey and approval during the construction of the ship. The distance at which each light can be seen at sea is also fixed; for example, a masthead light must be visible at six nautical miles. This is true for all lights, shapes and sound signals for all ships worldwide.

Normal Lights & Shapes for Power Driven Vessel

A normal power driven vessel displaysstrapping and lashing solutions one way lashing and cargo securing


A mastlight high on her forward mast
A second mastlight even higher on her after mast if the length of the vessel is more than 50 metres.
A sternlight on her stern
Two sidelights, a green one on her starboard (right) side and a red one on her port (left) side

At anchor, a power driven vessel shows an all round (360 degree) light. When she is more than 50 metres in length, she shows two all round lights, with the forward one being higher than the one near her stern.



Lights on Other Vessels

Typical lights Click on the diagram on the left; it gives you some typical lights that are displayed by different vessels at night.

It is important to realise that most 'special lights' are shown in addition to the normal running lights of a power driven vessel when a vessel is under mechanical power. For example, the vessel constrained by her draft shows three all round red lights in addition to the normal masthead light(s), sidelights and sternlight.

Note also that a vessel aground (where she has run into the seabed and is fast there) shows two red lights in addition to her anchor lights.

A sailing vessel that is moving shows the same sidelights and sternlight as a powerboat, but does not show a masthead light. A vessel with sails up, but also being propelled by machinery must show the power-driven vessel 'running lights'

A fishing vessel is defined as one engaged in fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other gear that restricts her ability to manoeuvre. The diagram shows a trawler.

A tug towing a barge is not normally considered to be restricted in her ability to manoeuvre. A tug towing another vessel does not show normal masthead lights, but must show two masthead lights instead one vertically above the other. (normal masthead lights are horizontally displaced, but not in the case of a tug). If the length of the tow is more than 200 metres, it must display three masthead lights vertically disposed. In addition, it displays sidelights and a sternlight. It also must display an all round towing light at the stern, above the sternlight.

A vessel being towed does not display masthead lights, but sidelights and a sternlight.

A towing vessel seen from far away can be confusing to a first time mariner, and care must be exercised.
Shapes

What lights indicate by night, shapes indicate in the daytime. Shapes are, typically, 'a ball' (spherical), a cylinder, a diamond, a cone etc. As with lights, their shape, colour and size is prescribed under the rules. These are normally hoisted on a mast so that they can be seen from afar by other vessels.

Some typical shape configurations:

A normal power driven vessel shows nothing special at daytime
A vessel at anchor shows a black ball at her forward end on the forecastle.
A vessel not under command shows two black balls in a vertical line on her main (highest) mast
A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shows two black balls separated by a diamond.

Some other typical shape configurations can be seen in the diagram below, along with the kind of ship they represent.


Shapes

What lights indicate by night, shapes indicate in the daytime. Shapes are, typically, 'a ball' (spherical), a cylinder, a diamond, a cone etc. As with lights, their shape, colour and size is prescribed under the rules. These are normally hoisted on a mast so that they can be seen from afar by other vessels.

Some typical shape configurations:

A normal power driven vessel shows nothing special at daytime
A vessel at anchor shows a black ball at her forward end on the forecastle.
A vessel not under command shows two black balls in a vertical line on her main (highest) mast
A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shows two black balls separated by a diamond.

Some other typical shape configurations can be seen in the diagram below, along with the kind of ship they represent.

Other Examples of Shapes and their Disposition
shapes

There are only three types of sound-signal equipment mentioned in the Rules - whistle, bell, and gong, with the latter only required on vessels 100 meters or more in length. As with everything else, the specifications of the equipment are prescribed in the rules. The whistle and gong are used by larger vessels when anchored in poor visibility in addition to the normal sound signals.

A 'short blast' is a signal on the foghorn (or whistle) of about one second duration.
A 'long blast' is of four to six second duration
When moving, a ship may use the following basic signals to 'contact' other ships
One short blast- I am turning to starboard (my right)
Two short blasts- I am turning to port (my left)
Three short blasts- I am going astern (backwards)
One long blast- I am moving (usually used in fog or at blind turns)
One long blast followed by two short ones: I am not under command
Five short rapid blasts: Please declare your intentions (also used to say, 'what are you doing?, or get out of the way'

Other kinds of vessels have similar signals identified in the rules, which must be followed.

Conclusion and Resources

Important: This series has been a basic primer on the Colregs. The rules can be very complex and a navigator is well advised to devote considerably time to this safety-critical issue. For further reading, search for Colregs on the internet, where the full text of the rules is available.

Basics of the Sea: Rules of the Road - In any Condition of Visibility.

Basics of the Sea: Rules of the Road - In any Condition of Visibility.

It is pretty easy to avoid collision of vehicles on road by applying brakes and being a little vigilant. But how do we avoid collisions at sea when gigantic structures tend to collide? Learn inside this article

Part B of the ROR/Navigation Rules of the Road

Part B of the Collision Regulations (or Colregs) is divided into three Sections. The first section deals with rules in all conditions of visibility, whether normal or restricted (by fog, rain or any other reason)

Rule 5 covers lookouts, a commonsense precaution that is often neglected- basically, this is ‘keeping an eye out for other ships and dangers’. The lookout(s) must be able to hear as well as see other ships and dangers. (‘hear’ includes listening to their foghorn, by which ships alert each other of their intentions at sea, using basic morse code in a manner also prescribed by the Colregs.) Note that a lookout is required at all times, even at anchor.

Just like your cars on the road, a critical rule requires a ship to maintain safe speed at all times. This can vary depending on circumstances, eg busy shipping lanes, poor visibility, other hazards etc.

Some sea rules of the road cover the proper use and interpretation of radar and the determining of a risk of collision (will the ship I am seeing collide with me or pass dangerously close?).

Other logical rules include the requirement that if some action is required of you, such as a change of course or speed, it should be made soon to be effective, and large enough to be obvious to the other vessel. A change of course is usually more obvious than a change of speed, but the give way vessel must slow down if required for safety.
Another rule requires a ship to stay on the right (starboard) side of a narrow waterway- the equivalent of driving on the right side of a road on land.


How do you know if there is risk of collision?

Rule 10. Traffic Seperation Schemes (TSS)

A very important rule that covers areas of the oceans that have been internationally agreed to have a TSS covering them. A TSS is, essentially, a ‘road map’ marked on a navigators chart, which shows roads (or lanes), the lane a ship must take when going in a given direction and how she must behave within the TSS. The TSS coverage areas are usually areas of high traffic density; hence this attempt to ‘regulate’ the traffic. Ships are not bound to use the TSS all the time, but whenever they do- or are in the vicinity of a TSS, they must follow Rule 10.

Some salient features of this rule:

All vessels crossing the TSS (coming from an area outside it and going to an area outside it) must cross the TSS at right angles to the traffic lane, presenting a full profile to ships within the lane. (Similar to a crossroads like situation).

No vessel should “impede the safe passage of a power driven vessel following a traffic lane." The aim should be to cross as quickly as possible.

Note that the rules discussed here apply in any condition of visibility. The next article will discuss rules which apply only when vessels can see each other.

There are many ways to determine this, including automatic ones like the Radar (ARPA or Automated Radar Plotting Aids) which tell you how close a ship will pass to you- or, indeed, collide with you- provided none of you makes any changes to course and speed and after how long, besides other information.

The easiest way is to take compass bearings of the other vessel. If there is no appreciable change over time (say, six minutes), then a risk of collision exists and action must be taken by the give way vessel.

Basics of the Navigation Rules: When ships can see each other, and when they can't

Basics of the Navigation Rules: When ships can see each other, and when they can't


This third article in the series explains how ships behave when they can see each other and when visibility is reduced. Note that night is not considered bad or restricted visibility for the Colregs. I will also explain the term ‘responsibilities between vessels’

Introduction

We have been studying about the navigation rules of the road in our last two articles. In this article we will proceed to learn about the regulations that govern situations whenever two ships are in proximity and either are visible to each other or are invisible ships due to bad weather conditions. Learn about these interesting scenarios below.
Vessels in Sight of One another, Crossing

crossing

When two ships meet, and if risk of collision exists (see previous article in series), the Collision rules specify that unless one is overtaking the other, they are ‘crossing’. If they are crossing, the ship that has the other on her starboard side (right side, and this ship is the ‘give way’ vessel) will keep out of the way of the other vessel, which is the ‘stand on’ vessel, which must maintain its course and speed.

The give way vessel can alter speed or alter course, or indeed, a combination of the above. Usually in the open sea, an alteration of course is sufficient, as can be seen in the diagram.

If required, stipulated signals or sounds (foghorn) will be made by the vessels. For example, one short blast on the foghorn (or one flash of a light at night) will indicate “I am altering course to starboard” )

In any case, the give way vessel will avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel. At sea, a starboard alteration of course is invariably made in such situations.

If both vessels are head on (on reciprocal courses) each will alter course to starboard and keep out of the way of the other.


Vessels in sight of one another, overtaking.

An overtaking vessel must keep out of the way of a ship being overtaken. It can overtake on either side.

Sound and light signals are prudent to indicate to the vessel which side the intention is to overtake on. The vessel being overtaken will signal agreement with specified sound/light signals, foghorn and/or light.

Responsibilities between vessels. (see earlier articles for definitions)

A normal power driven vessel should keep clear of a vessel restricted in any way, whether in her ability to manoeuvre, not under command, fishing or sailing.

A sailing vessel must keep clear of all except a normal power driven vessel.

A fishing vessel (when actually fishing) should keep clear of a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre or a vessel not under command.

Any vessel except a vessel not under command should keep clear of a vessel that is constrained by her draft. This ship should exercise extra caution.

A seaplane should keep clear of everything.

Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility

All ships of any kind should proceed at a safe speed in mist, fog or other such conditions that restrict visibility. They should be ready for immediate manoeuvre. They should stop engines and even go astern (reverse) if required.

If another vessel is detected on radar, and if there is risk of collision, all ships should take action well in advance. If required to alter course, they should avoid an alteration of course to port for a vessel that they are not overtaking. If they are overtaking, they should avoid an alteration of course towards a vessel that they are overtaking.

Fog signals are highly recommended in such situations. It is also imperative to navigate with extreme caution in fog, especially when other ships are close by and cannot be seen.

Some definitions regarding ROR

Some definitions regarding ROR

having learnt about the basics of the rules of the road at sea, we will now proceed to learn a few basic definitions regarding ROR

- A power driven vessel is a vessel under mechanical propulsion of any kind.

- the term sailing vessel applies only and only to a marine vessel if it is not using mechanical propulsion at all. If the vessel is using a combination of mechanical power and sails it is classified as a power driven vessel and does not come within the definition of a sailing vessel.

-The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with appartus that restrict her maneuverability- so, a pleasure boat with a couple of lines out is not a fishing vessel under ROR.

-“Seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.

- a vessel is said to be not under command when her exceptional circumstances prevent the navigating officers on board the vessel to manoeuvre her in a manner required by the rules of the road; therefore such a vessel is not in a position to keep out of the way of other vessels.

- sometimes a vessel may be severely restricted in her manoeuvrability because of specialised or complicated task she is performing which could be cable laying, survey, minesweeping and so forth and such a vessels is known as the "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver".

- A "vessel constrained by her draft" means a power driven vessel which because of her depth in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.

-The word "underway" means a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground. So for example, a vessel with her engines stopped and drifting is underway, and must comply with the rules.

Sea Rules of the Road

1 Part A - General
2 Part B - Steering and sailing

4.1 Section I (for any visibility)
4.2 Section II (for vessels in sight of one another)
4.3 Section III (for restricted visibility)

3 Part C - Lights and shapes
4 Part D - Sound and light signals
5 Part E - Exemption

The Basics of the Sea Rules of the Road in Navigation

Marine Navigation: The Rules of the Road
The first article will explain basic concepts and definitions. Subsequent ones will go in some detail in the nitty gritty and explanation of the Rules.

The Basics of the Sea Rules of the Road in Navigation
Basics of the Sea: Rules of the Road - In any Condition of Visibility.
Basics of the Navigation Rules: When ships can see each other, and when they can't
Basics of Sea Collision Regulations: Lights, Shapes, and Sound Signals


The Basics of the Sea Rules of the Road in Navigation

There are no roads at sea, so how does one ship (or vessels, which means all watercraft regardless of size) behave when it comes across another? Their behaviour is governed by the Rules of the Road, or Navigation Rules -ROR. These also cover lights and shapes a vessel must show by night/day

Introduction

Even if you have never been on a ship, I'm sure you know the meaning of the rules of the road. After all this is a very elementary term and does not require any specialised knowledge to know the same. Needless to say rules of the road refer to those laws and regulations which are necessary to maintain traffic discipline and ensure safety of life and vehicles on the road.

Talking in context of ships which sail in vast oceans and seas where there are no concrete roads, you might be a bit surprised to know that the rules of the road have to be followed by the marine vessels as well. In this case these rules is known as sea rules of the road or navigation rules of the road. Just see what happens when these rules are not followed in the adjacent images.

Why ROR is Necessary

The purpose of these sea rules of the road is the same as that on land, namely to maintain discipline of marine traffic and ensure safety of life. We are all aware of the basic rules of the road on land such as keeping your vehicle on a particular side of the road, ways to overtake other vehicles and so forth; but do you know what is the equivalent of these rules see? If not, just find out below.

Sea Rules of the Road

The navigation rules of the road are defined by the International Maritime Organisation in what is known as COLREGS or the International Regulations For Preventing Collisions At Sea 1972. In total there are thirty eight rules which are given in five parts A, B, C, D, and E which refer to the rules relating to General, Steering and Sailing, Light & Shapes, Sound and Light Signals and Exemptions respectively.

Apart from these five categories, there are four Annexes from Annex I to Annex IV which define the technical requirements. If you think that these rules are only applicable to large ships or yatchts and have nothing to do with small boats or naval vessels, then you are certainly wrong. These rules are applicable from the tiniest boat to the largest ships sailing across the oceans.

A thorough knowledge of the Rules of the Road is essential for practical navigation as well as for passing the various exams and certifications relating to navigation since they are applicable to all types of ships. Rules are rules, and hence even for marine vessels remaining in inland waters, these rules are made by local authorities but they must be in confirmation by the outline laid out by the IMO ROR and cannot differ totally from them. Similarly there could be a slight variation of these rules while applying them to specific ship types and shapes such as for example say naval aircraft carrier ships, dredgers, minesweepers and so forth.

Marine Guidance Note - MGN 166 (M + F)

Marine Guidance Note - MGN 166 (M + F)
MGN 166 (M + F) - Guideline for Voyage Planning


What are the Four Elements to a Passage Plan?


Appraisal
Planning
Execution
Monitoring


Appraisal, what is this?
When you gather as much safety and navigation information to give you a safe voyage.



What type of information does this involve?
The tides
Tidal streams
Under-keel allowances
Information from pilot books/sailing directions
Chart dangers (rocks, shallow water oil-rigs etc.)
Traffic schemes
Weather information (shipping forecasts)
Possible areas of restricted visibility
Any areas, which would involve an area of high traffic density


Planning, what is this?
Planning out the intended voyage, using all the information from Appraisal


What have you to do to make a plan of your voyage?
Plot the intended voyage making sure it is safe, and that the plan has been checked out by the master of the vessel, use way points, parallel indexing , courses, distance to steam on each leg, and by using all the information that you Appraised


Execution, what is this?
The master should find out how long his intended voyage should take, making sure he has enough water and fuel for the voyage
He should take into account any weather conditions expected on the voyage
Any areas of high traffic density that would make him deviate from his course (he should if possible make a plan to keep well clear of these areas)


Monitoring, what is this?
This is the act of checking your position often on a chart and that you remain in a safe distance from any danger areas (land)
Parallel Indexing should be used when you are alongside any hazards to maintain a safe distance


What is Parallel Indexing?
This is done by using your radar and V.R.M. (Variable Range Marker) and putting a distance on to it , as long as this distance is not breached, then your vessel should be in safe water


What is the purpose of Parallel Indexing?
To make sure your vessel is a safe distance away from any navigation hazards


How do you parallel index using radar?
By using your heading marker and slide it over towards the side that has the obstruction and using your V.R.M. and measuring the distance you need and put the heading marker onto the V.R.M.


What would you do if you had to parallel index off a point of land at 2 miles but the radar says your 1.7 miles from the point of land?
Alter off the land until you where 2 miles from the point of land, never breech what distance you had to keep off an obstruction


Oral Exam Questions


Q1. What distance would you parallel index off the land or any obstacles that's in your passage plan?
A1. At least 2 miles depending on the depth of water at that obstacle and any dangers to the ship


Q2. You've made a passage plan up for a voyage from Aberdeen to Egypt, how will you find out the state of the tide in the area your going too?
A2. By using the tidal diamonds that's on the chart of the area your going too


Q3. Why is it important to keep your charts up to date?
A3. Incase any new obstructions endanger your vessel, sunk vessel with her masts above the water, well-heads, new approaches to a harbour, oil-rig shifted position Etc.


Q4. How do you correct your charts up to date?
A4. By using the Cumulative Notices to Mariners and cross referencing them against the numbers of past corrections on the bottom left hand side of your chart.


Q5. What would you do if there was a correction missing?
A5. Find out the correction number and what issue of the Weekly Notices to Mariners it was contained in and enter it and put the correction number in at the bottom left hand side of the chart then sign it and date it.


Q6. What is Position fixing?
A6. By using your GPS and taking the lat/long and placing this onto a chart


Q7. How can you Position fix your position on a chart if you only have a radar, charts and a magnetic compass 2 miles from a point of land?
A7. By taking a compass bearing of the point of land and changing this to a true bearing then reversing the true bearing, now draw a line with the true reversed bearing from the point of land and measure off 2 miles this will give you an approximate fix


Q8. What publication would you find all the charts of the world?
A8. Admiralty World Charts

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGS) are published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and set out, inter alia, the "rules of the road" or navigation rules to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea in order to prevent collisions between two or more vessels. COLREGS can also refer to the specific political line that divides inland waterways (subject to one set of navigation rules) and coastal waterways (subject to international navigation rules).


Although rules for navigating vessels inland may differ, the international rules specify that they should be as closely in line with the international rules as possible. In continental Europe, the Code Européen des Voies de la Navigation Intérieure (CEVNI, or the European Code for Navigation on Inland Waters) apply. In the United States, the rules for vessels navigating inland are published alongside the international rules.

IALA Maritime Buoyage System Cardinal Marks

IALA Maritime Buoyage System
Cardinal Marks


North Cardinal


White Light, Very Quick Flashing or Quick Flashing, Continuous, Pass to the North side of this buoy.


East Cardinal


White light, Very Quick or Quick Flashing 3 every 5 or 10 seconds, Pass to the East side of this buoy.


South Cardinal


White light, Very Quick or Quick 6 flashes plus a long flash every 10 or 15 seconds, Pass to the South side of this Buoy.


West Cardinal


White light, Very Quick or Quick 9 Flashes every 10 or 15 seconds, Pass to the West side of this buoy.



A cardinal mark is used in conjunction with the compass to indicate the best navigable water. It is placed in one of four quadrants (north, east, south, or
west) from the best water. A cardinal mark takes its name from the compass point in which it is placed.


The mariner is safe if he/she passes north of a north mark, east of a east mark, south of a south mark, and west of a west mark. A cardinal mark may be used to do the following:
1. Indicate that the deepest water is an area on the named side of the mark.
2. Indicate the safe side on which to pass a danger.
3. Draw attention to a feature in a channel, such as a bend, junction, branch, or end of a shoal.


Topmarks

By day, topmarks are the most important features of cardinal marks. The arrangement of the cones must be memorized. For north, the points of the cones is up; and for south, the points of the cones is down. An aid to help you memorize the west topmark is that it resembles a wineglass. Cardinal marks carry topmarks, whenever practical, with cones as large as possible and clearly separated.


Color


Black and yellow horizontal bands are used to color cardinal marks. The position of the black band, or bands, is related to the point of the black topmarks.The black and yellow horizontal bands are used as follows:


1. North—Black bands above yellow bands
2. South—Black bands below yellow bands
3. West—Black band with yellow bands above and below
4. East—Black bands above and below yellow band


The shape of a cardinal mark is not important; but in the case of a buoy, it will be pillar or spar.

Light Characteristics


1. North—Very quick flashing (VQ) or quick flashing (Q)
2. East—Very quick flashing every 5 seconds (VQ (3) 5s) or quick flashing every 10 seconds (Q (3) 10s)
3. South—Very quick flashes followed by a long flash every 10 seconds (VQ FL (6) + LFl 10s) or quick flashing followed by a long flash every 15 seconds
(Q (6) + LFl 15s)
4. West—Very quick flashing light every 10 seconds (VQ (9) 10s) or quick flashing every 15 seconds (Q (9) 15s)


As a memory aid, associate the number of flashes in each group with a clock face (3 o'clock, east; 6 o'clock, south; and 9 o'clock, west). The long flash immediately following the group of flashes from a south cardinal mark is to ensure that its six flashes cannot be mistaken for three or nine.


Quick flashing lights flash at a rate of either 50 or 60 flashes per minute. Very quick flashing lights flash at a rate of either 100 or 120 flashes per minute. It is necessary to have a choice of quick or very quick flashing light to avoid confusion. Two north buoys that are placed near enough to each other to be
mistaken is one example where the quick flashing or very quick flashing lights would be needed.



Lateral Mark



Region A.

Region A is used in Europe, Africa, and most of Asia, including Australia and New Zealand. The major rule to remember when using region A is that the lateral mark will be red buoys to port and green buoys to starboard when entering from seaward.




Port Hand Lateral Mark


Red Light, Any Rhythm except 2 +1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to starboard and take the buoy down your port side.


Starboard Hand Lateral Mark


Green Light, Any Rhythm except 2 + 1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to port and take the buoy down your starboard side.


Port Hand Lateral Mark Preferred channel to Starboard


Red Light, Flashing 2 +1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to starboard and take the buoy down your port side, you can go up the wrong side of the buoy if you have a shallow drafted vessel and have local knowledge of the area.


Preferred channel to Port Starboard Hand Lateral Mark



Green Light, Flashing 2 + 1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to port and take the buoy down your starboard side, you can go up the wrong side of the buoy if you have a shallow drafted vessel and have local knowledge of the area.



Region B


Region B is used in North, Central, and South America, plus Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines. The rule to remember when using region B is the exact opposite from using region A: Lateral marks will be red to starboard and green to port when entering from seaward.






Port Hand Lateral Mark


Green Light, Any Rhythm except 2 +1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to starboard and take the buoy down your port side.


Starboard Hand Lateral Mark


Red Light, Any Rhythm except 2 + 1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to port and take the buoy down your starboard side.


Port Hand Lateral Mark Preferred channel to Starboard


Green Light, Flashing 2 +1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to starboard and take the buoy down your port side, you can go up the wrong side of the buoy if you have a shallow drafted vessel and have local knowledge of the area.


Starboard Hand Lateral Mark Preferred channel to Port



Red Light, Flashing 2 + 1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to port and take the buoy down your starboard side, you can go up the wrong side of the buoy if you have a shallow drafted vessel and have local knowledge of the area.


Isolated Danger Mark





White Light, Group Flash 2, You can pass either side of this buoy, preferable altering to starboard and take the buoy down your port side.


An isolated danger mark is erected on, or moored above, an isolated danger of limited extent. An isolated danger mark has navigable water all around it. The extent of the surrounding navigable water is not important. The isolated danger mark can, for example, indicate either a shoal that is well offshore or an islet separated by a narrow channel from the coast.


A black double-sphere topmark is, by day, the most important feature of an isolated danger mark. Whenever practical, this topmark will be carried with
the spheres as large as possible, mounted vertically, and clearly separated.


Black, with one or more red horizontal bands, is used for isolated danger marks. The shape of an isolated danger mark is not significant, but in the case
of a buoy, it will be either pillar or spar.


When lighted, a white flashing light showing a group of two flashes (FL (2)) is used to denote an isolated danger mark. The association of two flashes
and two spheres in the topmark may be a help in remembering these characteristics.


Safewater Mark





White Light, One of four flashes Isophase, Occulting, Morse A, Long flash every 10 seconds, You can pass either side of this buoy, preferable altering to starboard and take the buoy down your port side. Long Flash is between 4 6 seconds.


A safe-water mark is used to indicate there is navigable water all around the mark. Such a mark may be used as a centerline, midchannel, or landfall buoy.


Red and white vertical stripes are used for safe-water marks. The vertical stripes are used to distinguish them from the black-banded danger marks. Spherical, pillar, or spar buoys may be used as safe-water marks. Whenever practical, a pillar or spar buoy used as a safe-water mark will carry a single red
sphere topmark.

When lighted, a safe-water mark exhibits a white light. The phase characteristics of the light will be occulting, equal intervals, one long flash every 10 seconds, or Morse A. The association of a single flash and a single sphere in the topmark may help you to remember its characteristics.


Special Mark





Yellow Light, Any Rhythm not used for any buoys with white lights in the area.


A special mark may be used to indicate to the mariner a special area or feature. The nature of the special area or feature may be found by consulting the chart, Sailing Directions, or Notices to Mariners. The use of a special mark includes the following: Ocean Data Acquisition System (ODAS) buoys carrying oceanographic or meteorological sensors Traffic separation marks. Spoil ground marks. Military exercise zone marks. Cable or pipeline marks, including outfall pipes. Recreation zone marks.

Another function of a special mark is to define a channel within a channel (for example, a channel for deep-draft vessels in a wide approach area where the
limits of the channel for normal navigation are marked by red and green lateral buoys).

Yellow is the color used for special marks. The shape of a special mark is optional but must not conflict with a lateral or a safe-water mark.


When a topmark is carried, it takes the form of a single yellow X. When a light is exhibited, it is yellow. The phase light characteristics may be any other than
those used for white lights of cardinal, isolated danger, and safe-water marks.

Rule 35. Sound signals in Restricted Visibility

Rule 35. Sound signals in Restricted Visibility


The signals are used when vessels are in restricted visibility.



(Q) A vessel engaged in Pilotage duties, what is his identity signal?
(a) He may sound 4 short and rapid blasts on the ships whistle

(Q) May he sound the identity signal when vessels are in sight of one another?
(a) No, this is only to be sounded in Restricted Visibility

(Q) Is there a time length for the Pilots identity signal (I.E. not exceeding 2 minutes)?
(a) No, there is no time limit, he may sound the identity signal as and when he wants

(Q) Name the vessels with a hampered fog signal (1 Prolonged and 2 short)?
(a)
(i) Sailing Vessel
(ii) Fishing vessels (Trawler & Fishing other than Trawling)
(iii) Not Under command
(iv) Restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
(v) Constrained by her Draught
(vi) Minesweeper
(vii) Vessel engaged in towing
(viii) Restricted in her ability to manoeuvre engaged in towing
(ix) A vessel engaged in pushing another vessel ahead
(x) A Fishing vessel other than trawling fishing while at anchor (Anchor Seine-net)
(xi) Restricted in her ability to manoeuvre while at anchor

(Q) A Power-driven vessel has 2 different Fog signals, what are they?
(a)
If Underway - Two Prolonged blasts on the ships whistle at intervals not exceeding two minutes
If Makingway - One Prolonged blast on the ships whistle at intervals not exceeding two minutes

(Q) A Short Blast - How long does it last for?
(a) One second

(Q) A Prolonged Blast - How long does it last for?
(a) Between 4 - 6 Seconds

(Q) What is the complete sound signal for a vessel engaged in towing another vessel that is manned?
(a) The towing vessel will sound 1 prolonged blast followed by 2 short blasts on the ships whistle, the vessel being towed will immediately sound 1 prolonged blast followed by 3 short blasts on the ships whistle, all within 2 minutes

(Q) A vessel at anchor (under 100 metres), what is his fog signal?
(a)
A rapid ringing on the bell (forward) for 5 seconds
at intervals not exceeding 1 minute

(Q) A vessel at anchor (Over 100 metres), what is his fog signal?
(a)
A rapid ringing on the bell for 5 (forward) seconds, then
A rapid ringing on the gong (aft) for 5 seconds
at intervals not exceeding 1 minute

(Q) A vessel at anchor has a warning signal he may use to alert you of a possible collision, what is it?
(a) He may sound (Morse "R" - Romeo) 1 short blast followed by 1 prolonged blast followed by 1 short blast

(Q) A vessel aground (Under 100 metres), what is his fog signal?
(a)
3 distinct strokes on the bell, followed by
a rapid ringing on the bell for 5 seconds, followed by
3 distinct strokes on the bell (bell is forward in the ship)
at intervals not exceeding 1 minute

(Q) A vessel aground (Over 100 metres), what is his fog signal?
(a)
3 distinct strokes on the bell, followed by
a rapid ringing on the bell for 5 seconds, followed by
3 distinct strokes on the bell followed by (bell is forward in the ship)
a rapid ringing on the gong (gong is aft in the ship) for 5 seconds
at intervals not exceeding 1 minute

Rule 34. Manoeuvring and Warning Signals

Rule 34. Manoeuvring and Warning Signals


Manoeuvring and warning signals, using whistle or lights.
The signals are used when vessels are in sight of one another




(Q) 1,2,3 & 5 Short and Rapid blasts on the ships whistle, what condition of visibility are these sound signals used?
(a) When vessels are in sight of one another

(Q) Does that mean clear visibility?
(a) No, you can still see a vessel when it is hazy, when you can see the vessel visually then you use this Rule and not Rule 35. Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility

(Q) In a Narrow Channel, a vessel sounds 2 Prolonged Blasts followed by 1 short blast (Morse "G" - Golf), what does he intend to do?
(a) He wants to Overtake your Starboard side and he is awaiting your answer for you to agree for him to pass

(Q) In a Narrow Channel, a vessel sounds 2 Prolonged Blasts followed by 2 short blast (Morse "Z" - Zulu), what does he intend to do?
(a) He wants to Overtake your Port side and he is awaiting your answer for you to agree for him to pass


(Q) What sound signal would you reply with if you agreed with the overtaking manoeuvre?
(a) (Morse "C" - Charlie) 1 Prolonged blast followed by 1 short blast followed by 1 prolonged blast followed by 1 short blast on the ships whistle

(Q) What would you sound if you disagreed to be overtaken in a narrow channel?
(a) You'd sound 5 or more short and rapid blasts on the ships whistle, you can also flash a light 5 or more times

(Q) In a Narrow channel, your coming towards a bend in the channel, what warning signal will you sound?
(a) One prolonged blast on the ships whistle

(Q) If I was coming around the bend towards you, what warning signal would I sound?
(a) One prolonged blast on the ships whistle

(Q) You're on a collison course with another vessel, you're the stand-on vessel, the giveway vessel is standing-on, what warning signal will you sound?
(a) You'll sound 5 or more short and rapid blasts on the ships whistle

Rule 23. Power-Driven Vessels

Rule 23. Power-Driven Vessels

Lights displayed by power-driven vessels underway

A power-driven vessel underway must display:
a masthead light forward;
If over 50 metres (164 ft) length, then also a second masthead light aft and higher than the forward one; except that a vessel of less than 50 metres in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so;
sidelights;
a sternlight.
A hovercraft must also display an all-round flashing yellow light.
A wing-in-ground craft must also display a bright all-round flashing red light when taking off, landing, or flying near the surface.
A power-driven vessel of less than 12 metres (39.4 ft) may display only an all-round white light and sidelights. However, in the case of a skiff a wooden clinker rowing boat which falls into this category only needs to be capable of showing a white light.
A power-driven vessel of less than 7 metres (23.0 ft) whose maximum speed does not exceed 7 knots (13 km/h; 8 mph) must be capable of showing a white light




(Q) A Power-driven Vessel - UNDERWAY, what Navigation Lights does he switch off if he is stopped and making no-way through the water?
(a) None, he is not entitled to switch off any Navigation Lights

(Q) What is classed as Navigation Lights?
(a) Sidelights (Port & Starboard), Sternlight, and if entitled to them Masthead light(s)

(Q) What vessels are not entitled to masthead lights if the vessel is Underway?
(a) Three vessels;
(i) Fishing vessel other than Trawling (Red Light over a White Light - 2 metres apart)
(ii) Not Under Command (Red light over a Red Light - 2 metres apart)
(iii) A Vessel engaged in Pilotage duties (White light over a Red Light - 2 metres apart)

(Q) How can you tell a Power-driven vessel is Makingway?
(a) By taking a series of Compass, Radar & Visual Bearings (visual Bearings being most accurate)

Rule 19. Conduct of vessels in Restricted Visibility.

Section III (for restricted visibility)

Rule 19. Conduct of vessels in Restricted Visibility.



Restricted visibility
(a) Rule 19 applies to vessels (not in sight of one another) in or near restricted visibility.
(b) All ships shall proceed at a safe speed for the condition of visibility (see Rule 6). A power-driven vessel shall have her engine(s) on stand-by for immediate manoeuvre.
(c) All ships shall comply with Section I of this Part e.g. Rules 5 (lookout), 6 (safe speed), 7 (risk of collision), 8 (action to avoid collisions), 9 (narrow channels) and 10 (TSS) with due regard for the visibility conditions.
(d) If another vessel is detected by radar alone, and a close-quarters or collision risk is suspected, a vessel should take early and substantial action to avoid the other, but:
(i) avoid any turn to port for a vessel detected forward of the beam, except for a vessel being overtaken,
(ii) avoid any change of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.
When the fog signal of another vessel is heard, apparently forward of the beam, a vessel should reduce speed to the minimum at which she can maintain her course, or if necessary stop, and navigate with extreme caution until there is no risk of collision.



(Q) What does Rule 19 mean to you?
(a) This Rule applies to all vessels in or near an area of Restricted Visibility.
IN OTHER WORDS: -
(THERE ARE NO STAND_ON VESSELS IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY)

(Q) What would you say a safe speed was in Restricted visibility?
(a) A speed that you could stop your vessel in half the visible distance you could see, so you could alter using Rule 19 (d) parts (i) and (ii)

(Q) What does part (a) say?
(a) This Rule Applies to all vessels in or near an area of restricted visibility

(Q) What does part (b) say?
(a) Go at a safe speed and have your engines ready for immediate manoeuvre's

(Q) What does part (c) say?
(a) Have Due regards to the prevailing condition

(Q) What does Rule 19 (d) say?
(a) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarter situation is developing and/or risk of collision exists. if so she shall take avoiding action in ample time, providing that when such action consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible the following shall be avoided

(Q) What does Rule 19 (d) Part (i) say?
(a) Avoid an alteration to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken

(Q) What does Rule 19 (d) Part (ii) say?
(a) Avoid an alteration towards a vessel abeam or abaft the beam

(Q) What does Rule 19 (e) say?
(a) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam, the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to a minimum at which she can be kept on her course. Shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.

Rule 18. Responsibilities between vessels.

Rule 18. Responsibilities between vessels.


Responsibilities between vessels
Except in narrow channels, traffic separation schemes, and when overtaking (i.e. rules 9, 10, and 13)

A power-driven vessel must give way to:
a vessel not under command;
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver (this may include vessels towing one another.
a vessel engaged in fishing;
a sailing vessel.
A sailing vessel must give way to:
a vessel not under command;
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver;
a vessel engaged in fishing.
A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
a vessel not under command;
a vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver.
Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shall, if possible, not impede the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draft, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.
A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.



(Q) If you are in a power-driven vessel, there are 6 vessels that you should give way to, name them?
(a) A power-driven vessel on your starboard bow.
(b) A sailing vessel
(c) A fishing vessel
(d) A vessel not under command
(e) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
(f) If the circumstances of the case admit, a vessel constrained by her draught.

(Q) If you are in a fishing vessel, then you have to give way to 4 vessels, name them?
(a) A fishing vessel on your starboard bow
(b) A vessel not under command
(c) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
(d) If the circumstances of the case admit, a vessel constrained by her draught.

(Q) If you're in a power-driven vessel, or fishing vessel, would you stand-on or give way to a vessel constrained by her draught?
(a) Your best to Give way to a vessel constrained by her draught.

(Q) Is there any rule that says you should try to avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draught?
(a) Yes, Rule 18d part (1) says any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, shall if the circumstances of the case admit avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her draught.

(Q) Usually what type of vessel would a vessel constrained by her draught be?
(a) Very large supertanker carrying crude oil.

(Q) So what would happen if you stood-on to a vessel constrained by her draught?
(a) She could easily go aground and tear the bottom out of her hull, causing a major ecological disaster, killing all seabirds, covering the coastline with oil, pollution at its worst.

Rule 17. Action by Stand-on Vessels.

Rule 17. Action by Stand-on Vessels.

The stand-on vessel
The stand-on vessel shall maintain her course and speed, but she may take action to avoid collision if it becomes clear that the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action, or when so close that collision can no longer be avoided by the actions of the give-way vessel alone. In a crossing situation, the stand-on vessel should avoid turning to port even if the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action. These options for the stand-on vessel do not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligations under the rules.


(Q) If you're the stand-on vessel, what action will you take?
(a) Stand-on with caution, keeping your course and speed.

(Q) If the Give way vessel were standing on, what warning signal would you give him?
(a) 5 or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle, to indicate that you are unsure of his intentions.

(Q) If you're in a power-driven vessel, and on your port bow there is another power-driven vessel, who is standing-on, collision course, you've gave him 5 or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle, you got no response from him, what action will you take now?
(a) Make an early and bold alteration away from him, in this case, 1 short blast on the whistle and an early and bold alteration to starboard and show him your sternlight.

(Q) If you're in a fishing vessel, and on your starboard bow is a sailing vessel, who is standing-on, collision course, you've gave him 5 or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle, you got no response from him, what action will you take now?
(a) Make an early and bold alteration away from him, in this case, 2 short blasts on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to port.

(Q) What actions for the stand-on vessel if the give way vessel stands-on?
(a) If the give way vessel stands on; the stand-on vessel may alter course (outside 4 miles - Rule of thumb distance)
(inside 4 miles - Rule of thumb distance)If in a close quarter situation and the give way vessel stands on; the stand-on vessel shall alter course

Rule 16. Action by Give way Vessels.

Rule 16. Action by Give way Vessels.

The give-way vessel must take early and substantial action to keep well clear.

(Q) If you were the Give way vessel, what action would you take?
(a) Make an early and bold alteration of course, you could slow down, stop your vessel or come astern, but if plenty of distance, an alteration is the best means to avoid a collision.

ROR - Rule 15 Crossing Situation

ROR - Rule 15 Crossing Situation
Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another


Rule 15 - Crossing situation

When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.


Questions & Answers


Q1. What type of vessels do you need for this rule?
A1. 2 power-driven vessels.

Q2. How do you know who is the give way vessel in a crossing situation?
A2. You're the give way vessel if you have another power-driven vessel on your starboard side.



Q3. When are two vessels crossing each other?
A3. Crossing situation :

Vessels are near one another.

Vessel is between half a compass point ahead to two compass points abaft the beam.

Vessel’s courses cross one another.


Q4. Two what type of vessel does Rule 15, Crossing situation apply and not apply?
A4. Crossing situation applies to:

Two power-driven vessels crossing.

Crossing situation does not apply to:

Two sailing vessels.

A sailing vessel and a power-driven vessel.

A power-driven vessel and a hampered vessel (NUC, restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, deep draught, fishing).


Q5. What is the most adequate give-way action when two power driven vessels are crossing?
A5. Action by give-way vessel (preferred):

Alter course to starboard to

Pass astern of other vessel

Sound one short blast


Q6. What should you do in a crossing situation if it is impossible to pass astern of another vessel?
A6. If passing astern is impossible:

Reduce speed, possibly stop and reverse engines (sound three short blasts).

Alter course to port to follow a parallel course .

Make a complete turning circle to port.


Q7. What action should be avoided if the circumstances of the case admit, in a crossing situation if there is risk of collision?
A7. Avoid:

Crossing ahead

Apply a course alteration to port only for a vessel approaching from near the starboard beam.

Apply a course alteration to starboard for a vessel approaching ahead of the starboard beam.


Q8. When would, in crossing situation with risk of collision, a substantial alteration of course to port, be the best avoiding action.
A8. Avoid :

Crossing ahead

Apply a course alteration to port only for a vessel approaching from near the starboard beam.

Apply a course alteration to starboard for a vessel approaching ahead of the starboard beam.

ROR - Rule 14 Head-on Situation

ROR - Rule 14 Head-on Situation
Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another


Rule 14 - Head-on Situation



(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.

(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she would see the mast head lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that is does exist and act accordingly.


Questions & Answers


Q1. According to the rule, what types of vessels do you need?
A1. 2 power-driven vessels.

Q2. In a head-on situation between 2 power-driven vessels, how do you know it's a head-on situation at night?
A2. Because you would see his masthead light in between his sidelights.

Q3. What action will you take with 2 power-driven vessels in a head-on situation?
A3. Both vessels will sound 1 short blast on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to starboard.

Q4. What action will you take if you're in a power-driven vessel, and in a head-on situation with a fishing vessel, also what action would the fishing vessel take?
A4. You will sound 1 short blast on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to starboard, the fishing vessel will stand-on with caution because he is most hampered.


Q5. What action shall two power driven vessel taken to avoid collision when they are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course?
A5. Head-on courses, reciprocal courses or nearly reciprocal courses:

Both alter course to starboard

Only applicable to power-driven vessels

NOT to sailing vessels



You're in a Power-driven vessel and in a head-on situation with one of the following, will you stand-on or giveway to the other vessel and does the other vessel stand-on or giveway also?


Other Vessel what are you going to do? what's the other vessel
going to do?
Power-Driven Vessel Giveway Giveway
Sailing Vessel Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Fishing Vessel Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Not Under Command (N.U.C.) Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Restricted in her ability to Manoeuvre Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Constrained by her Draught If the circumstances of the
case admit - Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Minesweeper Turn 180 degrees and make
for the harbour Stand-on with Caution
P.D.V. towing another Vessel Giveway Giveway
Restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
towing another vessel Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Ferry Giveway Giveway
Supertanker Giveway Giveway
Pilot Vessel Giveway Giveway
High Speed Craft Giveway Giveway
Wig Aircraft Stand-on with Caution Giveway

Rule 13 - Overtaking

Rule 13 - Overtaking

(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.

(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.

(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or reliever her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.


Questions & Answers

Q1. What's classed as an overtaking vessel?
A1. When you're coming up on another vessel MORE than 22.5 degrees abaft the beam.

Q2. What light will you see at night if you're overtaking another vessel?
A2. The sternlight of the other vessel.

Q3. What are your priorities when overtaking another vessel?
A3. To keep well clear of the vessel being overtaken until well past and clear.

Q4. What distance would you say is well past and clear?
A4. At least 4 miles.

Q5. If you're overtaking another vessel and now you're abeam of the other vessel are you overtaking or crossing?
A5. You're still an overtaking vessel until well past and clear

Q6. If you're in any vessel and any vessel is overtaking you what would you do?
A6. Stand-on with caution keeping your course and speed.

Q7. If you're coming up on a vessel at 22.5 degrees abaft the beam, are you a crossing vessel or overtaking vessel?
A7. You're a crossing vessel, the word MORE is missing.

Q8. If you're overtaking a vessel, you're on his starboard quarter and the other vessel is on your stem, what action will you take?
A8. Take the shortest course, sound 2 short blasts on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to port and go around the other vessel's stern.

Q9. If you're overtaking a vessel, you're on his port quarter and the other vessel is on your stem, what action will you take?
A9. Take the shortest course, sound 1 short blast on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to starboard and go around the other vessel's stern.

Q10. If you're coming up on a vessel, and one minute you're seeing his sternlight, then his sidelight, then his sternlight, is this a crossing situation or an overtaking situation?
A10. This is an overtaking situation.

ROR - Rule 12 Sailing Vessels
Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another


Rule 12 - Sailing vessels

(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:

(i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other;

(ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward;

(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest for-and-aft sail is carried.


Questions & Answers

Q1. In the following sketches which sailing vessel is the Give way vessel?
A1. The red sailing vessel is the Give way vessel as he has the wind on his port side.http://www.mcaorals.co.uk/Photos/Sailing%20boat%20images/Head-to-head-sailing.gif


Q2. In the following sketches which sailing vessel is the Give way vessel?

A2. The green sailing vessel is the give way vessel as he is to windward of the other vessel.
http://www.mcaorals.co.uk/Photos/Sailing%20boat%20images/Head-to-head-starboard-side.gif

Q3. In the following sketches which sailing vessel is the Give way vessel?

A3. The red sailing vessel is the give way vessel as he is to windward of the other vessel.
http://www.mcaorals.co.uk/Photos/Sailing%20boat%20images/Side-by-side-sailing.gif

Q4. In the following sketches which sailing vessel is the Give way vessel?

A4. The red sailing vessel is the give way vessel, if he is unsure if the sailing vessel to windward has the wind on his port or starboard side.
http://www.mcaorals.co.uk/Photos/Sailing%20boat%20images/Before-the-wind-sailing.gif

Q5. On a sailing vessel, what is deemed as the windward side?
A5. For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.


Q6. Define the point of sailing of a sailing vessel.

A6. Point of sailing - Side on which vessel catches the wind


Main points of sailing

Port tack: wind on port side, sails over starboard

Starboard tack: wind on starboard, sails over port

ROR - Rule 11 Application

ROR - Rule 11 Application
Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another


Rule 11 - Application

ROR - Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes

ROR - Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes
Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 10 - Traffic Separation Schemes

(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organisation and does not reliever any vessel of her obligation under any other Rule.

(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:

(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane;
(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;
(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.

(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.

(d)
(i) a vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 metres in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.

(ii) Notwithstanding sub-paragraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.

(e) A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:

(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger.
(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.

(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its terminations.

(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.

(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.

(j) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a powerdriven vessel following a traffic lane.

(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extend necessary to carry out the operation.

(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the laying, servicing or picking up of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.


Question & Answers



Q1. How do you join a lane?
A1. At the start of a lane or at a small an angle as possible to the lane.

Q2. How do you leave a lane?
A2. At the end of a lane or at a small an angle as possible to the lane.

Q3. How do you cross the lanes?
A3. At 90 degrees to the general flow of traffic (DO NOT SAY TO THE LANE)

Q4. Why 90 degrees?
A4. Because it's the quickest way across, and vessels in the lane can see the aspect of your vessel.


Q5. If crossing a lane, what 3 vessels do not impede any vessel using a lane?
A5. A fishing vessel, a sailing vessel and a power-driven vessel under 20metres.

Q6. What vessels can use the inshore zone?
A6. A power-driven vessel under 20 metres, sailing vessels, fishing vessels, vessels going to or from a port, going from port to port in the scheme, going into anchor to do emergency repairs, to avoid immediate danger, to lay submarine cables or to do repairs to buoys within the scheme.

Q7. What vessels can use the traffic separation zone?
A7. Fishing vessels, anchor for emergency repairs, crossing vessels, to avoid immediate danger, to lay submarine cables or to do repairs to buoys within the scheme.

Q8. Where can you anchor in a scheme?
A8. Anywhere, as long as it's to do emergency repairs, try and avoid anchoring in the lanes and at the terminations.

Q9. What would you do if you had to stop your main engine to do emergency repairs in a lane and had to anchor?
A9. Call up the port and advise them, also put out a security warning other vessels that you're at anchor, put up anchor lights and daytime signal.

Q10. Where can you fish in the scheme?
A10. Anywhere, but if fishing in a lane then go with the flow of traffic, and try and avoid fishing at the terminations.

Q11. Would you fish in a traffic separation scheme?
A11. This is a personnel question, there is a lot of large traffic there; you would be putting your crew and vessel into dangerous situations.

Q12. Could a supertanker leave a lane at 90 degrees come into the inshore zone to a pilot station, pick up a pilot and then cross to the opposite inshore zone at 90 degrees?
A12. No, he would have to leave the lane at a small an angle as possible to the lanes.

Q13. If you're in a power-driven vessel, crossing a scheme and on your port bow is another power-driven vessel in a lane, the bearing are steady and the distance is closing, what are you going to do?
A13. First find out length of vessel you are in.

Q14. Does it matter what size the power-driven vessel is that you're in?
A14. Yes, if under 20 metres and crossing a lane, then your not allowed to impede ANY vessel that is in the traffic lane that is going with the flow of traffic, if over 20 metres you would stand-on with caution maintaining your course and speed, the Power-driven vessel that is in the lane has to leave the lane at 90 degrees to take the risk of collision out.

Q15. Your in a 30 metres power-driven vessel crossing a lane, and there is a power-driven vessel on your port bow in a lane, the bearings are steady and the distance is closing, what are you going to do?
A15. Stand-on with caution, maintaining your course and speed.

Q16. How would the power-driven vessel leave the lane?
A16. He would make an early and bold alteration to starboard sounding 1 short blast on the whistle indicating he is altering to starboard.

Q17. Would he line up your stern and go around it?
A17. No, this would be a close quarter situation and could make you alter your course and put into a collision course with another vessel.

Q18. After the vessel came around your stern, how would he get back into the lane?
A18. At a small angle as possible to the general flow of traffic.

Q19. If you where in any vessel, just outside the scheme, would you manoeuvre here?
A19. No, it says if not using the scheme, then to give it a wide a margin as possible.

Q20. If you're fishing in a lane, and there is a power-driven vessel overtaking you, what are you going to do?
A20. Stand-on with caution, you have to use rule 13 Overtaking.

Q21. If you're crossing a lane in a fishing vessel and any vessel is on your port bow in a lane, the bearings are steady and the distance is closing, what are you going to do?
A21. If you're crossing and the bearings are steady, then you have to give-way to all vessels in a lane.

Rule 9 - Narrow Channels

ROR - Rule 9 Narrow Channels
Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility


Rule 9 - Narrow Channels

(i) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the other limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.

(ii) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.

(iii) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.

(iv) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.

(v) (i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed by Rule 34(c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).

(ii) This rule does not relieve the overtaking of her obligation under Rule 13.

(vi) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessel may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).

(vii) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.



Questions & Answers

Q1. What side of the narrow channel would you keep?
A1.The starboard side of the narrow channel as long as your vessel is in safe water.

Q2. What would you sound to overtake a vessels starboard side?
A2. (Morse "G") (2 prolonged blasts followed by 1 short blast on the whistle

Q3. What would you sound to overtake a vessels port side?
A3. (Morse "Z")(2 prolonged blasts followed by 2 short blasts on the whistle)

Q4. What would you sound if you agree to be overtaken in a narrow channel?
A4. (Morse "C")(1 prolonged, 1 short, 1 prolonged, 1 short blast on the whistle)

Q5. What would you sound if you disagree to be overtaken in a narrow channel?
A5. (5 or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle)

Q6. What would you sound coming up to a bend in a narrow channel?
A6. (1 prolonged blast on the whistle)

Q7. If there is another vessel coming around the bend and he heard your warning signal, what would he sound?
A7. (1 prolonged blast on the whistle to let you know he is there)

Q8. What 3 vessels do not impede any other vessels using a narrow channel?
A8. A fishing vessel, sailing vessel and vessels under 20 metres

Q9. Are you allowed to cross a narrow channel?
A9. Yes, as long as you do not impede any vessel using the narrow channel

Q10. If you where in a narrow channel, and there is a vessel crossing a narrow channel, what would you sound to get him to stop and let you pass?
A10. Five or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle to indicate that your unsure of his intentions.



Q11. Define the term "narrow channel" or "fairway"?
A11. Narrow channel:


Channel limited by buoys


Channel 2 or 3 miles wide

The bed of a river

The deeper part of a river, harbour


An approach to harbour


Q12. Where should vessel navigate in narrow channel or fairway?
A12. Navigation in narrow channel or fairway:

Near outer limit on starboard side

As is safe and practicable


Q13. To what type of vessels does Rule 9, narrow channel apply?
A13. Applies to all vessels:

Power-driven vessels and sailing vessels


Q14. Which precautionary steps can you take if without apparent reason an incoming vessel does not keep to the starboard of the channel or fairway or navigates on the wrong side?
A14. Oncoming vessel does not keep to starboard:

Give warning signal

Keep to starboard as is safe and practicable

Reduce speed

Take all way off


Q15. When is a vessel allowed to move away from the starboard side of the narrow channel or fairway?
A15. Move away from the starboard side is allowed:

When the draught makes it necessary

In case of bank suction

For obstacles on the starboard side

Vessel aground

Vessel at anchor

Vessels engaged in certain operations

To join another fairway

To call at a harbour


Q16. Which vessel is not allowed to impede the passage of the vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway?


A16. Not allowed to impede the passage

Vessels of less than 20 m

Sailing vessels

Q17. Are fishing vessel allowed to impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway?
A17. Not allowed to impede the passage:

Fishing vessels


For any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway

Fishing vessels may fish in an narrow channel or fairway but they may NOT impede the passage of vessels navigating within a narrow channel or fairway


Q18. Is a vessel allowed crossing a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impede the safe passage the vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway?
A18. Crossing a narrow channel or fairway:

Vessels shall NOT cross a narrow channel or fairway



Narrow Channels Situations



Q1. You're in a Power-driven vessel doing 5 knots and ahead of you is a vessel doing 3 knots, what will you do?
A1. Make the sound signal for overtaking the vessel ahead of you.


Q2. What is the sound signal you would make if you want to pass his port-side and what is the sound signal to port pass his starboard side?
A2. To pass his port-side you would sound Morse "Z" which is 2 prolonged blasts followed by 2 short blasts on the ships whistle
To pass his starboard-side you would sound Morse "G" which is 2 prolonged blasts followed by one short blast on the ships whistle


Q3. What would you expect the overtaking vessel to sound after you gave him your overtaking signal?
A3. He should sound Morse "C" which is 1 prolonged blast followed by 1 short blast followed by 1 prolonged blast followed by 1 short blast on the ships whistle; this means he agrees to be overtaken



Q4. He has not given you the sound signal that he agrees to be overtaken; what will you do now?
A4. Slow your vessel down to the same speed that his is doing and give him the overtaking sound signal again



Q5. The vessel your about to overtake still has not gave you his sound signal to agree to be overtaken - is there any other signal he can give you?
A5. Yes he can give you the International code of signals - flag "Charlie" - which means - I agree




Q6. The vessel being overtaken has given you permission to overtake him and now your abeam of him - are you an overtaking vessel or a crossing vessel?
A6. Once you make yourself an overtaking vessel you remain an overtaking vessel until well past and clear of the vessel being overtaken.

Q7. What's deemed/classed as an overtaking vessel?
A7. Coming up on another vessel MORE than 22.5o abaft the beam of the vessel being overtaken



Q8. You have passed the vessel your overtaking, your about a mile past him, can you alter course now?
A8. As a Rule Of Thumb, Make a Close Quarter Situation 4 miles out in the open sea, so No this is not enough distance clear of the vessel being overtaking

Q9. What light will you see at night-time if your overtaking another vessel?
A9. The sternlight of the vessel being overtaken and no sidelights.


Q10. You're coming up on a vessel at 22.5o abaft the beam - are you a crossing vessel or an overtaking vessel?
A10. You'd be a crossing vessel - the word "MORE" is missing

Q11. Coming up on a vessel at 22.5o abaft the beam - what light will you see at night?
A11. One of the sidelights - you will not see a sternlight - you have to be MORE than 22.50 abaft the beam to see a sternlight.


Q12. Your overtaking another vessel, your vessel is sheering, one minute you see a sternlight then a sidelight then a sternlight then a sidelight, are you a crossing or overtaking vessel?
A12. If in doubt you make yourself an overtaking vessel and go around the stern of the vessel your overtaking.

Q13. You're overtaking another vessel, when can you become a crossing vessel?
A13. Once your well passed and clear (at least 4 miles).


Q14. A vessel Not Under Command is overtaking you, will you stand-on or give way to this vessel, he is having major problems steering?
A14. He is duty bound to keep clear of you, so you will stand-on with caution (BE VERY CAUTIOUS WITH THIS VESSEL OVERTAKING YOU) keep taking compass/radar and visual bearings of him constantly



Q15. You're in a power-driven vessel in a traffic lane and any vessel is overtaking you, what are you going to do?
A15. Stand-on with caution, maintaining your course and speed - the above vessel is constrained by her draught and she should be going at a speed that she can stop and stay in the deepest water available.


Q16. You're in a sailing vessel in a traffic lane and any vessel is overtaking you, what are you going to do?
A16. Stand-on with caution, maintaining your course and speed - any vessel overtaking any other shall keep well clear of the vessel being overtaken.


Q18. You're in a fishing vessel in a traffic lane and any vessel is overtaking you, what are you going to do?
A18. Stand-on with Caution maintaining your course and speed (You're using Rule 13 Overtaking just now - Rules 10 does not exist whilst being overtaken - when the vessel overtaking you is well past and clear then you go back to Rule 10 Traffic Separation Scheme).


Q19. In restricted visibility, your overtaking another vessel, will you stand-on or give way?
A19. There are no Stand-on Vessels in Restricted visibility - Rule 19 part (a) says
"This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility" In other words "No Stand-on Vessels".


Tips:

If overtaking a vessel in clear or restricted visibility - take the shortest possible route and go around the vessel being overtaken stern so you can get back onto your original course quicker as long as you have plenty of sea room.

You're a crossing vessel when coming up on a vessel at 22.5o abaft the beam
You need to be MORE than 22.5o abaft the beam to be overtaking.

The situation above with the International code of signals Code flag "C" has caught a lot of personnel out as it is not in Rule 9 or Rule 34.




(Q) What side of the narrow channel would you keep?
(a) The starboard side of the narrow channel as long as your vessel is in safe water.

(Q) What would you sound to overtake a vessels starboard side?
(a) (Morse "G") (2 prolonged blasts followed by 1 short blast on the whistle

(Q) What would you sound to overtake a vessels port side?
(a) (Morse "Z")(2 prolonged blasts followed by 2 short blasts on the whistle)

(Q) What would you sound if you agree to be overtaken in a narrow channel?
(a) (Morse "C")(1 prolonged, 1 short, 1 prolonged, 1 short blast on the whistle)

(Q) What would you sound if you disagree to be overtaken in a narrow channel?
(a) (5 or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle)

(Q) What would you sound coming up to a bend in a narrow channel?
(a) (1 prolonged blast on the whistle)

(Q) If there is another vessel coming around the bend and he heard your warning signal, what would he sound?
(a) (1 prolonged blast on the whistle to let you know he is there)

(Q) What 3 vessels do not impede any other vessels using a narrow channel?
(a) A fishing vessel, sailing vessel and vessels under 20 metres

(Q) Are you allowed to cross a narrow channel?
(a) Yes, as long as you do not impede any vessel using the narrow channel

(Q) If you where in a narrow channel, and there is a vessel crossing a narrow channel, what would you sound to get him to stop and let you pass?
(a) Five or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle to indicate that your unsure of his intentions.