Rule 8 - Action to avoid collision

Rule 8 - Action to avoid collision

(a) Any action taken to avoid collision, shall if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.

(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.

(c) If there is sufficient sea-room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a closequarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another closequarters situation.

(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.

(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.

(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea-room for the safe passage of the other vessel.

(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the Rules of this Part.

(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this Part when the two vessel are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.

Questions & Answers


Q1. What 4 actions can you take to avoid a collision?
A1. Action to avoid collision:
(i) an early and bold alteration of course, as long as you do not put your vessel into another close quarter situation/risk of collision with another vessel
(ii) slow your vessel down
(iii) stop your vessel
(iv) come astern with your vessel

Q2. Why are you always making an alteration of course, why do you not stop your vessel?
A2. To make sure the risk of collision/close quarter situation is taken out, also the other vessel ill see the change of aspect of your vessel (Visually and by radar)

Q3. If you make an alteration of course, what have you to watch out for?
A3. That you don not put yourself into a close quarter situation with another vessel.

Q4. If you make an alteration of course, why is it dangerous to make a series of small alterations?
A4. Because you could go into a close quarters situation/risk of collision

Q5. If you're unsure about what to do in a situation, what's the best thing to do?
A5. Slow your vessel down, best to stop your vessel altogether.

Q6. Discuss how action to avoid collision should be taken.
A6. Action to avoid collision :

In accordance with the Rules, positive, made in ample time, with regard to good seamanship.

Q7. In the case of Q6, what does good seamanship means?
A7. This implies that action :

Shall be effective, made early, be apparent to the other vessel.

With regard to existing dangers to navigation that the necessary signals shall be given.

The new course shall be followed without yawing.

Q8. What do you understand by "in ample time"?
A8. In most cases, when risk of collision exist it is easy to determine HOW we should maneauver. But WHEN we one to take action it is a bit more complex and depends to a large extend, on existing circumstances:


The size and speed of the vessel involved, the manoeuvering characteristics (turning circle, stopping distance), type of activities vessel engaged (towing, fishing, dredging), sea room, presence of hazard of navigation, state of sea and weather condition to be considered.

Any action to avoid collision should rather be taken earlier rather than too late especially on large vessel.

Q9. Before taking avoiding action, which points with regards to stand-on vessel must known?
A9. Facts about the stand-on vessel:


Her course, speed, bearing, distance, CPA & TCPA.

Q10. How large should an alteration of course be, to be apparent?
A10. Amplitude of course alteration:


Echo trail should turn by at least 20°

Alteration of course and speed: at least 30°

Alteration of course alone: at least 60°

Preferably and recommended: 90°

Q11. Which points should you take into account to make an alteration of course alone in case of risk of collision?
A11. Alteration of course alone:

There must be sufficient sea-room

The action must be made in ample time

The alteration of shall be substantial

Another close-quarters situation shall be avoided

Q12. How can you slacken or reduce a vessel speed?
A12. Slackening of speed:


Reduce the number of revolutions of propeller


Stop engines

Reverse the means of propulsion

Q13. How can you increase the time to access what action to take when there is a risk of collision?
A13. Advantages of reducing speed:


More time to assess the situation


Better chances of manoeuvring

In case of collision, less damage

Q14. In which cases is it imperative to reduce speed?
A14. It is imperative to reduce speed :


In restricted areas where a helm action is impossible

When other vessels or hazard prevent a helm action

When visibility is restricted

In some crossing situations

Q15. Comment what you understand by "not impede the safe passage of another vessel?
A15. Do not impede the passage:

Take early action to allow sufficient sea-room

Obligation remains if risk of collision exists

Take into account the action the other vessel may take

If risk of collision exist, the Rules of Part B must be applied

Q16. Is a vessel who's safe passage must no be impeded, fully privileged when risk of collision exist?
A16. Do not impede the passage:


Take early action to allow sufficient sea-room

Obligation remains if risk of collision exists

Take into account the action the other vessel may take

If risk of collision exist, the Rules of Part B must be applied

Rule 7 - Risk of collision

ROR - Rule 7 Risk of collision
Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 7 - Risk of collision

(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exits. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.

(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.

(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the bases of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.

(d) In determining if risk collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:

(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change;

(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.

Questions & Answers

Q1. What would you use to determine a risk of collision?
A1. Compass, radar and visual bearings (visual bearings being the most reliable)

Q2. What scale is your radar(s) on?
A2. 6 and 12 miles.

Q3. Why is your radar on the 12 miles scale?
A3. For early detection of targets.

Q4. You've taken 1 radar plot of a target, would you alter with this plot?
A4. No.

Q5. You've taken a 2nd radar plot of a target, would you alter with this plot?
A5. No.

Q6.Why would you not alter with 1 and 2 plots?
A6. Rule 7 part (c) says not to rely on scanty information, especially scanty radar information.

Q7. What are the dangers with radar plotting?
A7. Time is being wasted and could put your vessel into a collision course.

Q8. If the bearings are steady, is there a risk of collision?
A8. Yes.

Q9. If the bearings are not steady, could there still be a risk of collision?
A9. Yes.

Q10. What situations?
A10. With a large vessel, a long tow or a close quarter situation.

Q11. If plotting a vessel towing a vessel towing another vessel with the length of tow being 2 miles long, what are you going to take bearings of?
A11. The stem of the towing vessel and the stern of the vessel being towed, everything in between is a risk of collision.


Q12. Determine the term "risk of collision"?
A12. Factors:

Distance between two vessels, speed of approach, do courses cross one another


Prevailing circumstances:

State of visibility, traffic & navigational hazards

Q13. What do you understand by all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances?
A13. All available means:

Compass bearings or relative bearings

Radar bearings

Plotting detected targets

Background bearings

Foreground bearings

Q14. What precautionary measures shall the master take before proceeding to sea?
A14. Refer to SOLAS Chapter V - Regulation 34.

Before proceeding to sea:

Planning of intended voyage:

Nautical charts, Nautical publications, Organization’s guidelines and recommendations


Identify a route taking account of:

Ships’ routeing systems, Ensures sufficient sea room, Known navigational hazards, Adverse weather conditions, Marine environmental protection

Q15. Summarize the elements to be taken into consideration when planning the voyage.
A15. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21)

Q16. Which items should you consider in contemplating a voyage or passage?
A16. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21). Para 2.

Q17. Enumerates the factors that the detailed voyage or passage plan should include.
A17. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21). Para 3.

Q18. Which factors should the master take into account when executing a voyage or passage plan?
A18. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21). Para 4.

Q19. Where should the voyage or passage plan be kept during the voyage?
A19. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21). Para 5.

Q20. Discuss the matter of fatigue on board ship.
A20. Refer to MGN 211 (M).

ROR - Rule 6 Safe speed

ROR - Rule 6 Safe speed
Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 6 - Safe speed

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:

(a) By all vessel:
(i) the state of visibility;
(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

Questions & Answers

Q1. Describe a safe speed by all vessels?
A1. Every vessel shall go at a safe speed so that you can stop your vessel in half the distance you can see and use the other half to manoeuvre away from danger, taking the following factors into account:-

By all vessels:-
(i) the state of visibility
(ii) density of traffic
(iii) how manoeuvrable your vessel is, and how quick you can stop your vessel
(iv) the glare of your lights or light from the shore, you might not see the harbour entrance
(v) weather, sea state and any navigation hazards
(vi) the draught of your own vessel

Q2. Describe a safe speed by vessels with operational radar?
A2. (i) the limitations of your radar
(ii) the scale in use ( too small a scale could be hiding targets )
(iii) weather, sea and rain clutter ( target could be hiding in clutter )
(iv) ice, small vessels not detected by radar
(v) vessels detected by radar
(vi) determine the range of other vessels

Q3. Define the term " safe speed"?
A3. A safe speed whereby a collision can be avoided

It depends on - Circumstances and conditions at the time

It applies to - All vessels, power-driven vessels and sailing vessels.

Q4. Which factors shall be taken into account by all vessels in determining a safe speed?
A4. By all vessels:

The state of visibility

The traffic density


Manoeuvrability of the vessel

Stopping distance

Turning ability

Background lights

The state of wind, sea and current

The proximity of navigational hazards

The draught in relation to the available depth of water

Q5. Which factors shall be taken into account with regards to traffic density?
A5. Traffic density:

Light or heavy traffic areas

Traffic separation schemes

The number of fishing vessels in the vicinity

A convoy of warships

Vessels at anchor

Q6. Which are the factors that determine the manoeuverability of vessel?
A6. Manoeuvrability of the vessel:

Type of engines (steam, diesel, turbine, etc)

Power of the engine

Stopping distance

Turning circle

Fast or slow vessel

Manoeuvrability with regard to:

Condition of loading, draught & trim

Q7. What "precautionary measures" should you take before you were appointed as Chief Officer on a large ship or on a ship with unusual manuvering characteristic?
A7. Refer to Merchant Shipping Notice No M.1015.

Q8. What are the consequences of wind, sea and current on a ship proceeding at a reduce speed?
A8. State of wind, sea and current:

Reducing speed - Greater drift by wind & by current

Adverse weather conditions - Vessel is less manoeuvrable

Fishing boats, yachts, buoys, etc are less visible

Navigational hazards may require the vessel to maintain a safe speed

Q9. How will the vessel behave when she has insufficient water under the keel?
A9. Insufficient depth of water:

Must reduce speed

Difficult to steer

Reduced manoeuvrability

Interaction

Bank suction

Bank rejection

Q10. What is interaction and what are the danger inherent to it?
A10. Refer to Marine Guidance Note MGN 199 (M).


Q11. What factors should be taken into account by vessel with operational radar?
A11. Rule 6 (b).


Q12. Enumerate the main characteristics which determine the efficiency of radar.
A12. Efficiency of radar:

Range performance

Minimum range

Diameter of PPI

Scale of display

Plotting facilities

Range accuracy

Heading indicator

Bearing accuracy

Azimuth stabilisation


Q13. Comment the choice of range scale to be use.
A13. Radar long range observation:

Early observation of targets

Allows plotting

Helps avoiding close-quarters situations

Early observation of land, sea marks and Coasts

Loss of accuracy


Q14.What is the degree of confident you can put in the use of radar as a means to avoid collision?
A14. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.1.


Q15. How should you interpret the observe echo in the radar?
A15. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4.



Q16. How can you estimate the degree of risk of collision with another vessel?

A16. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.5.



Q17. Enumerate the factors that should influence your choice of range scales for radar observation.
A17. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.6.



Q18. How should you use and appreciate radar observations as a means of avoiding collision?
A18. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.7 to 2.10.



Q19. When it is opportune to practice with radar?
A19. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.11.



Q20. When should the radar be kept operational?
A20. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.12 & 2.13.



Q21. What did you know about parallel index techniques?
A21. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.14 to 2.20.



Q22. When and how should the radar performance be check?
A22. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.21 to 2.24.



Q23. Which additional checks should you perform with ARPA?
A23. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.25 to 2.27.



Q24. Should you rely 100% on the GPS and GLONASS?
A24. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 4.



Q25. What did you know about ECDIS?
A25. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 5.

Rule 5 - Look-out

Rule 5 - Look-out

Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and condition so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

Questions & Answers

Q1. Describe rule 5 look-out?
A1. By keeping a good look-out using eyes, ears and by using all navigation aids including radios for listening out for navigation warnings, so you can appraise any situation ahead of you.

Q2. When and with what means must a proper look-out be maintain?
A2. Proper look-out – At all times, by sight, by hearing, by all available means appropriate.

Q3. What are the particular duties of Officer of the Watch (OOW) regarding the look-out?
A3. Duties of the officer of the watch

– Observe all vessels

– Ascertain the risk of collision

– Keep an eye on his own ship

Verify nautical instruments

Check the course (especially with auto pilot)

– Be particularly vigilant when:

Meeting a vessel end on

Overtaking another vessel

Q4. What are the particular duties of look-out man?
A4. Duties of the look-out man

– Report any light

– Report any vessel

– Report any floating object

– Report any sound signal (especially in restricted visibility)

– If necessary, use binocular

Q5. Summarize the main points to be observed regarding the keeping of a safe navigational watch.
A5. Keeping a safe navigational watch

Proper performance of duties

For safety of life and property

For prevention of pollution

Apply the STCW principles at all times

Ensure adequate watchkeeping arrangements

Observe the ICS Bridge Procedures Guide

Proceed at a safe speed at all times

Use engines if necessary

Appendix: MGN 315 (M)

Q6. What are the main points to be considered with regard to fitness of duty and fatigue?
A6. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 3.


Q7. How should the officer of the watch perform his navigational watch? What shall be considered in particular?
A7. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 4.


Q8. Which factors should be taken into account when composing a bridge watch?
A8. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 5.


Q9. How should officer of the watch handed over the watch?
A9. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 6.


Q10. Summarize the points the relieving officer should consider when taking over the watch.
A10. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 7.


Taking over the watch :

Verify vessel’s position

Confirm intended track, course and speed

Note any dangers to navigation

Be aware of tides, currents, weather, visibility, and eventual effects on course and speed

Note errors on gyro and magnetic compass

Note status of bridge equipment

Note settings of bridge/engine controls


Q11. Summarize the main elements to be considered with regards to the maintaining a proper look-out.
A11. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 8.



Q12. Which precautionary measures should the officer of the watch take in restricted visibility?
A12. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 10.



In restricted visibility

Comply with the Colregs with regard to:

Keeping a look-out

Sounding of fog signals

Safe speed

Engines ready for immediate manoeuvre

In addition:

Inform the Master

Ensure the look-out is posted at all times

Exhibit navigation lights

Operate and use the radar

Put engines on standby


Q13. When should you consider to proceed at a safe speed?
A13. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 11.



Q14. Which precautionary measures should you take when your vessel at anchor?

A14. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 12.



Vessel at anchor:

Determine and plot vessel’s position

Check if vessel is remaining at anchor

Have a proper look-out

Make inspection rounds periodically

Observe:

Meteorological conditions

Tidal conditions

State of sea

Notify Master and take measures if anchor drags


Q15. What are the duties of watchkeeper when navigating with pilot?
A15. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 9.



Q16. In connection with look-out, what do you understand by "all available means appropriate"?
A16. All available means appropriate

Use a radar:

In clear visibility

In restricted visibility

In operation or on standby

In congested waters

A proper look-out is still compulsory

Must be properly adjusted

Careful choice of scale range

Good choice of mode display


Q17. Comment the use of VHF as a collision avoidance aid?
A17. Refer to MGN 324 (M + F) Paragraph 1 - 13.


Q18. What do you know about the use of Automatic Identification System (AIS)?
A18. Refer to MGN 324 (M + F) Paragraph 13 - 21.



Q19. What do you understand by "fully appraisal of the situation and of risk of collision"?
A19. As officer of the watch (OOW) you must constantly be aware of what is happening on your on vessel and what is going on outside your vessel around you.


This included:


1. On your own vessel.

You must constantly know your exact vessel position and be aware of all dangers to navigation you are going to encounter, such as banks, shallows, rocks, wrecks, buoys, etc.

It is a very bad practice when you sight a buoy to go and check on the chart which buoy that may be. When you take over the watch, you check your position on the chart and according to your speed, you determine the way you will run during the watch. You also study all dangers you may encounter. You then make a photostats copy in your mind of that portion of the chart which will allow you to anticipate what and when you will see and/or meet obstacles. You need to check and plot a new fix at a regular intervals.

You need to be well acquainted with the atmospheric and hydrographic elements during your watch.

You need to know direction and force of the wind and state of the sea at all times. The direction and speed of current.

At all times, check the depth of water available and check for shallows and banks. They can produce bank suction, squat or sheering which may influence steering capacity and reduce the speed.

If there is any risk of collision, check if the engines are ready for use and at night, check if your navigation light is burning. Also check is the radar is operational or at-least on stand by.

Make sure the assistance watch keeper is on the bridge so that you can immediately switch over from automatic to manual steering.


2. Outside the vessel around you.

When you see any potential treat or a definite risk of collision from other vessel, take the following precautionary measures:


i. Radar plotting for data acquisition - course and speed.
ii. Regular compass bearing.
iii. Check how the vessel behaving. Is the vessel is keeping a steady course or sheering.
iv. Sounding the appropriate sound signal or make light signal with aldis lamp.
v. Be aware of interaction between vessel if you are following a parallel course.

ROR - Rule 4 Application

ROR - Rule 4 Application
Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility


Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.

ROR - Rule 3 General Definitions

ROR - Rule 3 General Definitions
For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:

(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.

(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.

(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.

(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or the fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.

(e) The word "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.

(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstances is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.

(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a vessel which from the nature of the work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. The term "vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre" shall include but not be limited to:

(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline;

(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;

(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;

(iv) A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;

(v) A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;

(vi) A vessel engaged in towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.


(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.

(i) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.

(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and greater breadth.

(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.

(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.


Questions and Answers


Q1. Describe the term "not under command"?
A1. Means a vessel through some exceptional circumstances is unable to deviate from the course she is following.

Q2. Describe the term" vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre"?
A2. Is a vessel through the nature of her work; she is unable to deviate from her course she is following.

Q3. Describe a "vessel constrained by her draught"?
A3. Is a power-driven vessel, because of her draught in relation to the depth of water she is in, cannot deviate from the course she is following

Q4. Describe the word "Underway"?
A4. When a vessel is not at anchor, aground or made fast to the shore, and is only going through the water by tide and/or wind.

Q5. Describe the word "Making way"?
A5. When a vessel is being propelled through the water by engine propulsion, sails or oars.

Q6. In the Rules of the road, in some rules the word "vessel" comes up, but what would you say a vessel is?
A6. Any type of watercraft than can carry personnel.

Q7. Describe a power-driven vessel?
A7. Any vessel that has an engine to propel herself through the water

Q8. Describe a sailing vessel?
A8. A vessel using sails and not using engine propulsion to push her through the sea.

Q9. Describe the word "seaplane"?
A9. Any aircraft that can land on water.

Q10. Your asked about the "Length and Breadth" of your vessel, what is this?
A10. The longest length of your vessel and the widest part of the vessel, you'll get this from your "Stability book" and the "Record of particulars"

Q11. The term "when vessels are in sight of one another" what does this mean?
A11. When you can see the vessel visually by the naked eye during daylight or at night, Rule 34 explains the sound signals used "When vessels are in sight of one another"


Q12. Define the word "vessel"?
A12. Rule 3(a).


Vessel – Every water craft including: Non-displacement craft, WIG craft, Seaplanes

Used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water


Q13. What type of craft does the "vessel" include?
A13. Rule 3(a).


Types of Vessels

Every description of water craft used as a means of transportation on water.

- Merchant vessels


- Pleasure craft

- Large and small vessels

- Fast or slow vessels

- Non-conventional vessels

- Dredgers

Non-displacement craft

– Seaplanes

– Dredgers

– Etc.


Q14. What is the difference between a vessel "underway" and a vessel "making way".
A14. A vessel "underway" is a vessel that is not attached to any fixed such as the shore, the bottom or at anchor.


A vessel "making way" is a vessel thats floats in the water without any attachment to a fixed object or bottom. It can be making way through the water which means that it is moving with respect to the water (with or without engine running) or it cannot make way through the water which mean that it is stop with respect with the water.

ROR - Rule 2 Responsibilities

ROR - Rule 2 Responsibility
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.


Question & Answer



Q1. Define Rule 2-Responsibilities?
A1. That everybody is responsible for any action taken aboard a vessel, and if involved in a collision then both parties are at fault, because the stand-on vessel did not use rule 7 risk of collision and rule 8 Action to avoid collision.

Q2. What is the responsibilities of a master on the vessel?
A2. To make sure the vessel is a safe and healthy working environment

Q3. What are the responsibilities of individuals aboard your vessel?
A3. To make sure their health is good and if they see any dangers then to report them to the master.

Q4. What is the aim of Rule 2 (a).
A4. Rule 2(a).

– Emphasize the need for safety

– Comply strictly with the Rules

– Take safety measures required by good seamanship & any particular circumstance

Q5. What are good seamanship and special circumstances?
A5. Rule 2(a) & (b).

Good seamanship means:

– Strict observance of all COLREGS requirements

– Take measures to avoid collision based on knowledge and on experience

Thus:

Observance of the Rules

Professional conduct in circumstances not covered by the Rules

Q6. Give a few examples regarding negligence in complying with this rules?
A6. Negligence in complying with the Rules:

– Not maintaining a proper look-out

– Not keeping a safe speed when necessary

– Not using all available means to avoid collision

– Not taking bearings

– Not making a proper use of radar

– Not keeping to the Sb-side of a narrow channel (if possible)

– Not making a proper use of a traffic separation scheme

– Not observing the Steering and Sailing Rules

– Not carrying the correct lights and shapes

– Not sounding the fog signals

– Etc.

Q7. Give some examples of precautionary measures required by good seamanship or by special circumstances.
A7. Precautions required by good seamanship

– Check if the lights are really burning

– Avoid yawing when required to keep on course

– Answer any fog signal

– Keep clear of a vessel at anchor

– Reduce speed in shallow waters

– Avoid inappropriate use of mobile phones

– Act with your experience and common sense

– Etc.

Q8. Would you consider a give-way vessel at a distance of 5 nautical miles to be an immediate danger?
A8. No. But depending on the size, speed and course of the give-way vessel (which can be assessed on the radar), extra vigilance is required especially if your own vessel is also rather large and fast with a stopping distance of 2 to 3 nautical miles.
If at a distance of 2 to 3 nautical miles (depending on the circumstances) the give-way vessel does not show any incentive to alter course, I would start to take some precautionary measures such as calling the ship on VHF and sounding a warning signal. If the give-way vessel still does not react, I will, in due course, seriously consider to apply Rule 17 and take action myself, such as reduce speed, stop engine, apply astern propulsion and alter course.
If I do not feel confident about the situation because it looks too complex or I still lack of the necessary experience, I will immediately inform the master to assist me.

Q9. Would you consider a complete steering gear failure in narrow channel to be an immediate danger?
A9. Yes. As soon as the vessel is not under command (NUC), take all precautionary actions/measures such as showing the NUC lights or shapes and sounding the sound signal . . _ (U - You are running into danger). Reduce speed or stop the vessel by applying astern propulsion and hold the anchors ready to stop the vessel more drastically if necessary.

Q10. It is appropriate to make a personnel call on mobile phone while entering or leaving harbour?
A10. Refer to MGN 299 (M + F).

Q11. In which circumstances is one allowed to depart from the Rules?
A11. Rule 2(b).
Departure from the Rules:

– To avoid immediate danger such as:

Dangers to navigation and risk of collision (shallows, wrecks, etc.)

Special circumstances (last minute action)

Limitations of vessels

Meeting a convoy of warships

Meeting submarines

Meeting a seaplane taking off or landing

Meeting a WIG craft taking off or landing